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- _GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING COLUMN_
- by Michael Abrash
-
-
- [LISTING ONE]
-
- /* Program to demonstrate mode X (320x240, 256 colors) patterned
- rectangle fills by filling the screen with adjacent 80x60
- rectangles in a variety of patterns. Tested with Borland C++
- 2.0 in C compilation mode and the small model */
- #include <conio.h>
- #include <dos.h>
-
- void Set320x240Mode(void);
- void FillPatternX(int, int, int, int, unsigned int, char*);
-
- /* 16 4x4 patterns */
- static char Patt0[]={10,0,10,0,0,10,0,10,10,0,10,0,0,10,0,10};
- static char Patt1[]={9,0,0,0,0,9,0,0,0,0,9,0,0,0,0,9};
- static char Patt2[]={5,0,0,0,0,0,5,0,5,0,0,0,0,0,5,0};
- static char Patt3[]={14,0,0,14,0,14,14,0,0,14,14,0,14,0,0,14};
- static char Patt4[]={15,15,15,1,15,15,1,1,15,1,1,1,1,1,1,1};
- static char Patt5[]={12,12,12,12,6,6,6,12,6,6,6,12,6,6,6,12};
- static char Patt6[]={80,80,80,80,80,80,80,80,80,80,80,80,80,80,80,15};
- static char Patt7[]={78,78,78,78,80,80,80,80,82,82,82,82,84,84,84,84};
- static char Patt8[]={78,80,82,84,80,82,84,78,82,84,78,80,84,78,80,82};
- static char Patt9[]={78,80,82,84,78,80,82,84,78,80,82,84,78,80,82,84};
- static char Patt10[]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15};
- static char Patt11[]={0,1,2,3,0,1,2,3,0,1,2,3,0,1,2,3};
- static char Patt12[]={14,14,9,9,14,9,9,14,9,9,14,14,9,14,14,9};
- static char Patt13[]={15,8,8,8,15,15,15,8,15,15,15,8,15,8,8,8};
- static char Patt14[]={3,3,3,3,3,7,7,3,3,7,7,3,3,3,3,3};
- static char Patt15[]={0,0,0,0,0,64,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,89};
- /* Table of pointers to the 16 4x4 patterns with which to draw */
- static char* PattTable[] = {Patt0,Patt1,Patt2,Patt3,Patt4,Patt5,Patt6,
- Patt7,Patt8,Patt9,Patt10,Patt11,Patt12,Patt13,Patt14,Patt15};
- void main() {
- int i,j;
- union REGS regset;
-
- Set320x240Mode();
- for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
- for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
- FillPatternX(i*80,j*60,i*80+80,j*60+60,0,PattTable[j*4+i]);
- }
- }
- getch();
- regset.x.ax = 0x0003; /* switch back to text mode and done */
- int86(0x10, ®set, ®set);
- }
-
-
-
-
- [LISTING TWO]
-
- ; Mode X (320x240, 256 colors) rectangle 4x4 pattern fill routine.
- ; Upper left corner of pattern is always aligned to a multiple-of-4
- ; row and column. Works on all VGAs. Uses approach of copying the
- ; pattern to off-screen display memory, then loading the latches with
- ; the pattern for each scan line and filling each scan line four
- ; pixels at a time. Fills up to but not including the column at EndX
- ; and the row at EndY. No clipping is performed. All ASM code tested
- ; with TASM 2. C near-callable as:
- ; void FillPatternedX(int StartX, int StartY, int EndX, int EndY,
- ; unsigned int PageBase, char* Pattern);
-
- SC_INDEX equ 03c4h ;Sequence Controller Index register port
- MAP_MASK equ 02h ;index in SC of Map Mask register
- GC_INDEX equ 03ceh ;Graphics Controller Index register port
- BIT_MASK equ 08h ;index in GC of Bit Mask register
- PATTERN_BUFFER equ 0fffch ;offset in screen memory of the buffer used
- ; to store each pattern during drawing
- SCREEN_SEG equ 0a000h ;segment of display memory in mode X
- SCREEN_WIDTH equ 80 ;width of screen in addresses from one scan
- ; line to the next
- parms struc
- dw 2 dup (?) ;pushed BP and return address
- StartX dw ? ;X coordinate of upper left corner of rect
- StartY dw ? ;Y coordinate of upper left corner of rect
- EndX dw ? ;X coordinate of lower right corner of rect
- ; (the row at EndX is not filled)
- EndY dw ? ;Y coordinate of lower right corner of rect
- ; (the column at EndY is not filled)
- PageBase dw ? ;base offset in display memory of page in
- ; which to fill rectangle
- Pattern dw ? ;4x4 pattern with which to fill rectangle
- parms ends
-
- NextScanOffset equ -2 ;local storage for distance from end of one
- ; scan line to start of next
- RectAddrWidth equ -4 ;local storage for address width of rectangle
- Height equ -6 ;local storage for height of rectangle
- STACK_FRAME_SIZE equ 6
-
- .model small
- .data
- ; Plane masks for clipping left and right edges of rectangle.
- LeftClipPlaneMask db 00fh,00eh,00ch,008h
- RightClipPlaneMask db 00fh,001h,003h,007h
- .code
- public _FillPatternX
- _FillPatternX proc near
- push bp ;preserve caller's stack frame
- mov bp,sp ;point to local stack frame
- sub sp,STACK_FRAME_SIZE ;allocate space for local vars
- push si ;preserve caller's register variables
- push di
-
- cld
- mov ax,SCREEN_SEG ;point ES to display memory
- mov es,ax
- ;copy pattern to display memory buffer
- mov si,[bp+Pattern] ;point to pattern to fill with
- mov di,PATTERN_BUFFER ;point ES:DI to pattern buffer
- mov dx,SC_INDEX ;point Sequence Controller Index to
- mov al,MAP_MASK ; Map Mask
- out dx,al
- inc dx ;point to SC Data register
- mov cx,4 ;4 pixel quadruplets in pattern
- DownloadPatternLoop:
- mov al,1 ;
- out dx,al ;select plane 0 for writes
- movsb ;copy over next plane 0 pattern pixel
- dec di ;stay at same address for next plane
- mov al,2 ;
- out dx,al ;select plane 1 for writes
- movsb ;copy over next plane 1 pattern pixel
- dec di ;stay at same address for next plane
- mov al,4 ;
- out dx,al ;select plane 2 for writes
- movsb ;copy over next plane 2 pattern pixel
- dec di ;stay at same address for next plane
- mov al,8 ;
- out dx,al ;select plane 3 for writes
- movsb ;copy over next plane 3 pattern pixel
- ; and advance address
- loop DownloadPatternLoop
-
- mov dx,GC_INDEX ;set the bit mask to select all bits
- mov ax,00000h+BIT_MASK ; from the latches and none from
- out dx,ax ; the CPU, so that we can write the
- ; latch contents directly to memory
- mov ax,[bp+StartY] ;top rectangle scan line
- mov si,ax
- and si,011b ;top rect scan line modulo 4
- add si,PATTERN_BUFFER ;point to pattern scan line that
- ; maps to top line of rect to draw
- mov dx,SCREEN_WIDTH
- mul dx ;offset in page of top rectangle scan line
- mov di,[bp+StartX]
- mov bx,di
- shr di,1 ;X/4 = offset of first rectangle pixel in scan
- shr di,1 ; line
- add di,ax ;offset of first rectangle pixel in page
- add di,[bp+PageBase] ;offset of first rectangle pixel in
- ; display memory
- and bx,0003h ;look up left edge plane mask
- mov ah,LeftClipPlaneMask[bx] ; to clip
- mov bx,[bp+EndX]
- and bx,0003h ;look up right edge plane
- mov al,RightClipPlaneMask[bx] ; mask to clip
- mov bx,ax ;put the masks in BX
-
- mov cx,[bp+EndX] ;calculate # of addresses across rect
- mov ax,[bp+StartX]
- cmp cx,ax
- jle FillDone ;skip if 0 or negative width
- dec cx
- and ax,not 011b
- sub cx,ax
- shr cx,1
- shr cx,1 ;# of addresses across rectangle to fill - 1
- jnz MasksSet ;there's more than one pixel to draw
- and bh,bl ;there's only one pixel, so combine the left
- ; and right edge clip masks
- MasksSet:
- mov ax,[bp+EndY]
- sub ax,[bp+StartY] ;AX = height of rectangle
- jle FillDone ;skip if 0 or negative height
- mov [bp+Height],ax
- mov ax,SCREEN_WIDTH
- sub ax,cx ;distance from end of one scan line to start
- dec ax ; of next
- mov [bp+NextScanOffset],ax
- mov [bp+RectAddrWidth],cx ;remember width in addresses - 1
- mov dx,SC_INDEX+1 ;point to Sequence Controller Data reg
- ; (SC Index still points to Map Mask)
- FillRowsLoop:
- mov cx,[bp+RectAddrWidth] ;width across - 1
- mov al,es:[si] ;read display memory to latch this scan
- ; line's pattern
- inc si ;point to the next pattern scan line, wrapping
- jnz short NoWrap ; back to the start of the pattern if
- sub si,4 ; we've run off the end
- NoWrap:
- mov al,bh ;put left-edge clip mask in AL
- out dx,al ;set the left-edge plane (clip) mask
- stosb ;draw the left edge (pixels come from latches;
- ; value written by CPU doesn't matter)
- dec cx ;count off left edge address
- js FillLoopBottom ;that's the only address
- jz DoRightEdge ;there are only two addresses
- mov al,00fh ;middle addresses are drawn 4 pixels at a pop
- out dx,al ;set the middle pixel mask to no clip
- rep stosb ;draw the middle addresses four pixels apiece
- ; (from latches; value written doesn't matter)
- DoRightEdge:
- mov al,bl ;put right-edge clip mask in AL
- out dx,al ;set the right-edge plane (clip) mask
- stosb ;draw the right edge (from latches; value
- ; written doesn't matter)
- FillLoopBottom:
- add di,[bp+NextScanOffset] ;point to the start of the next scan
- ; line of the rectangle
- dec word ptr [bp+Height] ;count down scan lines
- jnz FillRowsLoop
- FillDone:
- mov dx,GC_INDEX+1 ;restore the bit mask to its default,
- mov al,0ffh ; which selects all bits from the CPU
- out dx,al ; and none from the latches (the GC
- ; Index still points to Bit Mask)
- pop di ;restore caller's register variables
- pop si
- mov sp,bp ;discard storage for local variables
- pop bp ;restore caller's stack frame
- ret
- _FillPatternX endp
- end
-
-
-
-
- [LISTING THREE]
-
- ; Mode X (320x240, 256 colors) display memory to display memory copy
- ; routine. Left edge of source rectangle modulo 4 must equal left edge
- ; of destination rectangle modulo 4. Works on all VGAs. Uses approach
- ; of reading 4 pixels at a time from the source into the latches, then
- ; writing the latches to the destination. Copies up to but not
- ; including the column at SourceEndX and the row at SourceEndY. No
- ; clipping is performed. Results are not guaranteed if the source and
- ; destination overlap. C near-callable as:
- ; void CopyScreenToScreenX(int SourceStartX, int SourceStartY,
- ; int SourceEndX, int SourceEndY, int DestStartX,
- ; int DestStartY, unsigned int SourcePageBase,
- ; unsigned int DestPageBase, int SourceBitmapWidth,
- ; int DestBitmapWidth);
-
- SC_INDEX equ 03c4h ;Sequence Controller Index register port
- MAP_MASK equ 02h ;index in SC of Map Mask register
- GC_INDEX equ 03ceh ;Graphics Controller Index register port
- BIT_MASK equ 08h ;index in GC of Bit Mask register
- SCREEN_SEG equ 0a000h ;segment of display memory in mode X
-
- parms struc
- dw 2 dup (?) ;pushed BP and return address
- SourceStartX dw ? ;X coordinate of upper left corner of source
- SourceStartY dw ? ;Y coordinate of upper left corner of source
- SourceEndX dw ? ;X coordinate of lower right corner of source
- ; (the row at SourceEndX is not copied)
- SourceEndY dw ? ;Y coordinate of lower right corner of source
- ; (the column at SourceEndY is not copied)
- DestStartX dw ? ;X coordinate of upper left corner of dest
- DestStartY dw ? ;Y coordinate of upper left corner of dest
- SourcePageBase dw ? ;base offset in display memory of page in
- ; which source resides
- DestPageBase dw ? ;base offset in display memory of page in
- ; which dest resides
- SourceBitmapWidth dw ? ;# of pixels across source bitmap
- ; (must be a multiple of 4)
- DestBitmapWidth dw ? ;# of pixels across dest bitmap
- ; (must be a multiple of 4)
- parms ends
-
- SourceNextScanOffset equ -2 ;local storage for distance from end of
- ; one source scan line to start of next
- DestNextScanOffset equ -4 ;local storage for distance from end of
- ; one dest scan line to start of next
- RectAddrWidth equ -6 ;local storage for address width of rectangle
- Height equ -8 ;local storage for height of rectangle
- STACK_FRAME_SIZE equ 8
-
- .model small
- .data
- ; Plane masks for clipping left and right edges of rectangle.
- LeftClipPlaneMask db 00fh,00eh,00ch,008h
- RightClipPlaneMask db 00fh,001h,003h,007h
- .code
- public _CopyScreenToScreenX
- _CopyScreenToScreenX proc near
- push bp ;preserve caller's stack frame
- mov bp,sp ;point to local stack frame
- sub sp,STACK_FRAME_SIZE ;allocate space for local vars
- push si ;preserve caller's register variables
- push di
- push ds
-
- cld
- mov dx,GC_INDEX ;set the bit mask to select all bits
- mov ax,00000h+BIT_MASK ; from the latches and none from
- out dx,ax ; the CPU, so that we can write the
- ; latch contents directly to memory
- mov ax,SCREEN_SEG ;point ES to display memory
- mov es,ax
- mov ax,[bp+DestBitmapWidth]
- shr ax,1 ;convert to width in addresses
- shr ax,1
- mul [bp+DestStartY] ;top dest rect scan line
- mov di,[bp+DestStartX]
- shr di,1 ;X/4 = offset of first dest rect pixel in
- shr di,1 ; scan line
- add di,ax ;offset of first dest rect pixel in page
- add di,[bp+DestPageBase] ;offset of first dest rect pixel
- ; in display memory
- mov ax,[bp+SourceBitmapWidth]
- shr ax,1 ;convert to width in addresses
- shr ax,1
- mul [bp+SourceStartY] ;top source rect scan line
- mov si,[bp+SourceStartX]
- mov bx,si
- shr si,1 ;X/4 = offset of first source rect pixel in
- shr si,1 ; scan line
- add si,ax ;offset of first source rect pixel in page
- add si,[bp+SourcePageBase] ;offset of first source rect
- ; pixel in display memory
- and bx,0003h ;look up left edge plane mask
- mov ah,LeftClipPlaneMask[bx] ; to clip
- mov bx,[bp+SourceEndX]
- and bx,0003h ;look up right edge plane
- mov al,RightClipPlaneMask[bx] ; mask to clip
- mov bx,ax ;put the masks in BX
-
- mov cx,[bp+SourceEndX] ;calculate # of addresses across
- mov ax,[bp+SourceStartX] ; rect
- cmp cx,ax
- jle CopyDone ;skip if 0 or negative width
- dec cx
- and ax,not 011b
- sub cx,ax
- shr cx,1
- shr cx,1 ;# of addresses across rectangle to copy - 1
- jnz MasksSet ;there's more than one address to draw
- and bh,bl ;there's only one address, so combine the left
- ; and right edge clip masks
- MasksSet:
- mov ax,[bp+SourceEndY]
- sub ax,[bp+SourceStartY] ;AX = height of rectangle
- jle CopyDone ;skip if 0 or negative height
- mov [bp+Height],ax
- mov ax,[bp+DestBitmapWidth]
- shr ax,1 ;convert to width in addresses
- shr ax,1
- sub ax,cx ;distance from end of one dest scan line to
- dec ax ; start of next
- mov [bp+DestNextScanOffset],ax
- mov ax,[bp+SourceBitmapWidth]
- shr ax,1 ;convert to width in addresses
- shr ax,1
- sub ax,cx ;distance from end of one source scan line to
- dec ax ; start of next
- mov [bp+SourceNextScanOffset],ax
- mov [bp+RectAddrWidth],cx ;remember width in addresses - 1
- mov dx,SC_INDEX+1 ;point to Sequence Controller Data reg
- ; (SC Index still points to Map Mask)
- mov ax,es ;DS=ES=screen segment for MOVS
- mov ds,ax
- CopyRowsLoop:
- mov cx,[bp+RectAddrWidth] ;width across - 1
- mov al,bh ;put left-edge clip mask in AL
- out dx,al ;set the left-edge plane (clip) mask
- movsb ;copy the left edge (pixels go through
- ; latches)
- dec cx ;count off left edge address
- js CopyLoopBottom ;that's the only address
- jz DoRightEdge ;there are only two addresses
- mov al,00fh ;middle addresses are drawn 4 pixels at a pop
- out dx,al ;set the middle pixel mask to no clip
- rep movsb ;draw the middle addresses four pixels apiece
- ; (pixels copied through latches)
- DoRightEdge:
- mov al,bl ;put right-edge clip mask in AL
- out dx,al ;set the right-edge plane (clip) mask
- movsb ;draw the right edge (pixels copied through
- ; latches)
- CopyLoopBottom:
- add si,[bp+SourceNextScanOffset] ;point to the start of
- add di,[bp+DestNextScanOffset] ; next source & dest lines
- dec word ptr [bp+Height] ;count down scan lines
- jnz CopyRowsLoop
- CopyDone:
- mov dx,GC_INDEX+1 ;restore the bit mask to its default,
- mov al,0ffh ; which selects all bits from the CPU
- out dx,al ; and none from the latches (the GC
- ; Index still points to Bit Mask)
- pop ds
- pop di ;restore caller's register variables
- pop si
- mov sp,bp ;discard storage for local variables
- pop bp ;restore caller's stack frame
- ret
- _CopyScreenToScreenX endp
- end
-
-
-
-
- [LISTING FOUR]
-
- ; Mode X (320x240, 256 colors) system memory to display memory copy
- ; routine. Uses approach of changing the plane for each pixel copied;
- ; this is slower than copying all pixels in one plane, then all pixels
- ; in the next plane, and so on, but it is simpler; besides, images for
- ; which performance is critical should be stored in off-screen memory
- ; and copied to the screen via the latches. Copies up to but not
- ; including the column at SourceEndX and the row at SourceEndY. No
- ; clipping is performed. C near-callable as:
- ; void CopySystemToScreenX(int SourceStartX, int SourceStartY,
- ; int SourceEndX, int SourceEndY, int DestStartX,
- ; int DestStartY, char* SourcePtr, unsigned int DestPageBase,
- ; int SourceBitmapWidth, int DestBitmapWidth);
-
- SC_INDEX equ 03c4h ;Sequence Controller Index register port
- MAP_MASK equ 02h ;index in SC of Map Mask register
- SCREEN_SEG equ 0a000h ;segment of display memory in mode X
-
- parms struc
- dw 2 dup (?) ;pushed BP and return address
- SourceStartX dw ? ;X coordinate of upper left corner of source
- SourceStartY dw ? ;Y coordinate of upper left corner of source
- SourceEndX dw ? ;X coordinate of lower right corner of source
- ; (the row at EndX is not copied)
- SourceEndY dw ? ;Y coordinate of lower right corner of source
- ; (the column at EndY is not copied)
- DestStartX dw ? ;X coordinate of upper left corner of dest
- DestStartY dw ? ;Y coordinate of upper left corner of dest
- SourcePtr dw ? ;pointer in DS to start of bitmap in which
- ; source resides
- DestPageBase dw ? ;base offset in display memory of page in
- ; which dest resides
- SourceBitmapWidth dw ? ;# of pixels across source bitmap
- DestBitmapWidth dw ? ;# of pixels across dest bitmap
- ; (must be a multiple of 4)
- parms ends
-
- RectWidth equ -2 ;local storage for width of rectangle
- LeftMask equ -4 ;local storage for left rect edge plane mask
- STACK_FRAME_SIZE equ 4
-
- .model small
- .code
- public _CopySystemToScreenX
- _CopySystemToScreenX proc near
- push bp ;preserve caller's stack frame
- mov bp,sp ;point to local stack frame
- sub sp,STACK_FRAME_SIZE ;allocate space for local vars
- push si ;preserve caller's register variables
- push di
-
- cld
- mov ax,SCREEN_SEG ;point ES to display memory
- mov es,ax
- mov ax,[bp+SourceBitmapWidth]
- mul [bp+SourceStartY] ;top source rect scan line
- add ax,[bp+SourceStartX]
- add ax,[bp+SourcePtr] ;offset of first source rect pixel
- mov si,ax ; in DS
-
- mov ax,[bp+DestBitmapWidth]
- shr ax,1 ;convert to width in addresses
- shr ax,1
- mov [bp+DestBitmapWidth],ax ;remember address width
- mul [bp+DestStartY] ;top dest rect scan line
- mov di,[bp+DestStartX]
- mov cx,di
- shr di,1 ;X/4 = offset of first dest rect pixel in
- shr di,1 ; scan line
- add di,ax ;offset of first dest rect pixel in page
- add di,[bp+DestPageBase] ;offset of first dest rect pixel
- ; in display memory
- and cl,011b ;CL = first dest pixel's plane
- mov al,11h ;upper nibble comes into play when plane wraps
- ; from 3 back to 0
- shl al,cl ;set the bit for the first dest pixel's plane
- mov [bp+LeftMask],al ; in each nibble to 1
-
- mov cx,[bp+SourceEndX] ;calculate # of pixels across
- sub cx,[bp+SourceStartX] ; rect
- jle CopyDone ;skip if 0 or negative width
- mov [bp+RectWidth],cx
- mov bx,[bp+SourceEndY]
- sub bx,[bp+SourceStartY] ;BX = height of rectangle
- jle CopyDone ;skip if 0 or negative height
- mov dx,SC_INDEX ;point to SC Index register
- mov al,MAP_MASK
- out dx,al ;point SC Index reg to the Map Mask
- inc dx ;point DX to SC Data reg
- CopyRowsLoop:
- mov ax,[bp+LeftMask]
- mov cx,[bp+RectWidth]
- push si ;remember the start offset in the source
- push di ;remember the start offset in the dest
- CopyScanLineLoop:
- out dx,al ;set the plane for this pixel
- movsb ;copy the pixel to the screen
- rol al,1 ;set mask for next pixel's plane
- cmc ;advance destination address only when
- sbb di,0 ; wrapping from plane 3 to plane 0
- ; (else undo INC DI done by MOVSB)
- loop CopyScanLineLoop
- pop di ;retrieve the dest start offset
- add di,[bp+DestBitmapWidth] ;point to the start of the
- ; next scan line of the dest
- pop si ;retrieve the source start offset
- add si,[bp+SourceBitmapWidth] ;point to the start of the
- ; next scan line of the source
- dec bx ;count down scan lines
- jnz CopyRowsLoop
- CopyDone:
- pop di ;restore caller's register variables
- pop si
- mov sp,bp ;discard storage for local variables
- pop bp ;restore caller's stack frame
- ret
- _CopySystemToScreenX endp
- end